The Zirid Emir al-Mu'izz ibn Badis and His Political Relations with the Fatimids (406–454 AH / 1016–1062 CE)

Abstract

This study explores the political and sectarian shifts in Ifrīqiya during al-Muʿizz ibn Badīs's reign (406–454 AH / 1016–1062 CE), focusing on his relationship with the Faṭimid state and their impact on legitimacy, governance, and local security. Its main aim is to explain the transition from nominal allegiance to outright rupture, linking this change to institutional and tribal structures as well as regional power dynamics. Methodologically, the research adopts a critical historical-analytical approach, utilizing classical narrative sources such as Ibn al-Athīr, Ibn ʿIdharī, al-Nuwayrī, and Ibn Khaldūn, and compares them with symbols of sovereignty like the Friday sermon (khuṭba), coinage (sikka), and banners. A causal and chronological analysis traces the roles of key figures, such as al-Yazūrī, local leaders, and jurists, as well as tribal movements like Banū Hilal and Banū Sulaym. Material evidence like coins and sermons helps clarify the sequence of political developments. Findings reveal that Zirid–Faṭimid relations progressed through three stages: initial conciliation and managed allegiance, increased tension marked by the reinforcement of Sunni symbols, and an official split around 440 AH, confirmed by measures taken in 441 AH, including coinage, banners, and bans on the circulation of Faṭimid currency. The study also shows that deploying major Arab tribes as punitive tools caused demographic and security disruptions, weakening central authority. It concludes that the move toward independence was the result of a layered political–sectarian process amid the decline of the Faṭimid Empire and shifting regional power dynamics, with significant costs affecting urban growth, the economy, and local security networks. The research advocates for increased use of numismatic and sermonic evidence to refine the political timeline and assess regional differences.