Political Sciences and Law Series

The Legal Obligations of an A I Software Developer

2026-02-01T10:04:18+02:00

The rapid and successive development in the field of information technology, and the successive development in the industry of artificial intelligence technologies, have led to the emergence of many patterns of criminal behavior that are completely different from the patterns of behavior in traditional crimes, as they are characterized by their ease and low cost. Additionally, their danger in some cases may exceed the danger of traditional crimes. Furthermore, this type of newly established crimes is not limited by geographical boundaries, as they cross borders. Therefore, legislators in various countries around the world have directed their efforts towards enacting special legislation and laws that aim to combat this type of crimes.

Undoubtedly, the distinction of this type of crime from traditional crimes requires that the concerned agencies responsible for investigating and detecting them possess technical capabilities and resources that qualify them for this responsibility. At the same time, it requires the existence of specialized judiciary with special abilities that enable them to deal with these crimes. This study aims to identify the different legislative plans regarding granting jurisdiction to specialized judges to consider information technology crimes. The study focuses, through the comparative method, on identifying the legislative approach in some Arab and European countries in order to identify the most effective ways to combat this type of crime and achieve justice. To what extent is there a need to establish specialized courts to consider these crimes?

The Legal Framework Governing the Contribution of Artificial Intelligence to Environmental Sustainability: Foundations and Challenges – A Comprehensive Legal-Technical Approach and a Comparative Study

2026-03-05T14:34:46+02:00

This research examines the legal framework regulating the contribution of artificial intelligence to environmental sustainability through a comparative analytical approach that explores the legislative foundations and regulatory challenges associated with deploying this technology in support of the Sustainable Development Goals, particularly those with an environmental dimension within the framework of the United Nations 2030 Agenda. The study proceeds from the premise that artificial intelligence, despite its growing capacity to enhance the efficiency of natural resource management, improve environmental monitoring, predict climate risks, and support the green economy, simultaneously raises complex legal issues relating to liability, data governance, privacy protection, intergenerational equity, and the adequacy of traditional legislative frameworks to accommodate its transformative developments.

The research adopts a comparative analytical methodology by examining relevant United Nations principles, the recommendations of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and UNESCO’s Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence. It further analyzes comparative regulatory models, most notably the European Union Artificial Intelligence Act (EU AI Act), related European environmental legislation, the United States National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), and recent U.S. legislative initiatives concerning the environmental impact of artificial intelligence. The study is also grounded in the principles of international environmental law, foremost among them the “polluter pays” principle and the principle of intergenerational equity.

The research concludes that the environmental value of artificial intelligence is not realized automatically; rather, it depends on the existence of an integrated legal governance framework that balances the promotion of technological innovation with the regulation of its environmental and social risks. It further highlights that the absence of a unified international framework governing the environmental impact of artificial intelligence results in regulatory fragmentation and limits the effectiveness of international cooperation in addressing climate challenges. The study recommends the development of clear rules for environmental accountability concerning damages arising from artificial intelligence applications, the integration of environmental impact assessments throughout the lifecycle of intelligent systems, and the strengthening of international coordination to establish unified standards for the governance of this technology within the context of sustainability.

Criminal Accountability for Perpetrators of Electronic Publishing Crimes through the Application of Artificial Intelligence Technologies in Jordanian Legislation

2026-03-12T11:05:30+02:00

This study focuses on identifying individuals involved in publishing criminalized content through licensed websites or personal electronic pages, while highlighting the role of artificial intelligence technologies in addressing criminal responsibility for these publishers. The study examines the electronic interactions with the published content to assess its level of danger and measure the extent of community engagement with it. The problem of the study lies in the difficulty of identifying those responsible for electronic publishing crimes, as well as the technical challenges facing investigative and judicial bodies in utilizing artificial intelligence technologies to monitor and analyze these interactions. The study aims to explore the extent to which artificial intelligence can assist investigative and judicial authorities in analyzing interactions with criminalized content and how these technologies contribute to enabling judges to individualize penalties for publishers. The study relies on an analytical approach to address its subject.

The study concluded with several key findings, the most important of which are: the scope of criminal liability for electronic publishing crimes extends to include the content writer, the editor-in-chief of the legally licensed website, in addition to the publisher, the re-publisher, and the commenter on the content published on personal electronic pages. It was also found that artificial intelligence technologies enable investigative and judicial authorities to analyze electronic interactions and assist the judge in individualizing penalties according to the level of influence and community interaction with the published content.

The study recommended the integration of artificial intelligence technologies into criminal investigation procedures to analyze interactions with criminalized content published through electronic means, and the adoption of these technologies by the judiciary when individualizing penalties for publishers involved in electronic publishing crimes, based on fair and objective criteria that consider the severity of the content and its societal impact.

Suggested ways to enhance the principles of smart government using artificial intelligence

2026-01-26T16:31:23+02:00

This study aimed to propose ways to enhance smart governance principles through the optimal utilization of artificial intelligence, based on a comprehensive analysis of educational literature, research, and previous studies during the 2024/2025 academic year. The study focused on providing clear practical steps to enhance the efficiency, skills, and capabilities of field leaders to ensure sustained excellence, digital justice, total quality, and a competitive advantage through AI software and applications. It also aimed to manage these tools amidst rapid technological advancements. What distinguishes this study is its reliance on the analytical approach as a basis for extrapolating previous studies to understand the challenges, opportunities, and methods for enhancing smart governance principles. This supports building a long-term future strategy and activating the role of effective partnerships in a fair and sustainable manner. The study was launched from a deep review of previous research findings.

The Impact and Regulatory Challenges of Artificial Intelligence on Employment Dynamics and Unemployment Mitigation: "The Legal Profession as a Saudi Case Study"

2026-02-11T20:46:32+02:00

This study examines the impact of artificial intelligence on the legal labor market in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia within the context of the ongoing digital transformation aligned with the objectives of Saudi Vision 2030. It addresses the central question of whether artificial intelligence constitutes a threat to the legal profession or an opportunity for its structural advancement.

Adopting a descriptive-analytical approach, the study explores the automation of routine legal tasks, while highlighting the emergence of specialized roles that require integrated legal and technological competencies. It further analyzes the legal challenges concerning liability for intelligent systems and the evidentiary value of AI-generated outputs, in addition to related ethical, professional, and economic challenges.

The study concludes that artificial intelligence does not eliminate the role of lawyers; rather, it reshapes the profession toward higher-value analytical and strategic functions provided that developing professional qualification and enhancing technical partnership as well as building a disciplined systematic framework that could achieve the balance between innovation and justice guarantee.

Using artificial intelligence in the economic valuation of intellect property assets

2026-02-21T21:45:08+02:00

The global economy is witnessing rapid development, accompanied by the emergence of numerous digital technologies. Transcontinental relationships and the diversity of legal systems, along with the mechanisms they have established to protect and guarantee intellectual property rights, have led to numerous transactions and disputes related to the trading of intellectual property assets. However, with data and information becoming a resource whose importance and value rival other natural resources, these interests have grown. Intellectual capital has become a fundamental factor in determining capital value, and business organizations are now focusing heavily on building capital from intellectual property assets to establish competitive entities that extend across different countries.

Perhaps one of the most prominent achievements of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, witnessed in the digital age, is artificial intelligence and its applications. Its impact has extended to various aspects of life and diverse services that concern people in general and economic enterprises in particular, enabling them to think, plan, and organize with the same efficiency as the human mind.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is one of the most advanced technologies of the modern era, presenting numerous opportunities and challenges in the field of valuation and its regulations. While AI tools can enhance the efficiency of valuation results, their use raises ethical questions regarding transparency, accountability, and fairness in the equitable assessment of intellectual property assets during transactions or disputes.

Although the use of AI in the justice system is not yet a routine part of judicial decision-making in the economic valuation of intellectual property infringements and the assessment of compensation, its impact is real and warrants attention before its full adoption. Current experiments aimed at enabling AI-powered search engines and developing AI-based tools for online dispute resolution present significant challenges.

The Role of Artificial Intelligence Technology in Achieving Cybersecurity Opportunities and Challenges

2026-02-01T08:58:35+02:00

En la actualidad, la tecnología se ha convertido en uno de los medios más importantes para la humanidad, de hecho, se ha convertido en una realidad en el mundo contemporáneo. En ningún caso la humanidad puede vivir aislada del mundo digital. Sin duda, vivimos en un mundo dominado por las últimas tecnologías modernas en el sector de las comunicaciones y la tecnología de la información, A pesar de que la inteligencia artificial contribuye a brindar oportunidades significativas a la humanidad, al mismo tiempo representa una amenaza debido a su contribución a la aparición de amenazas y riesgos cibernéticos.

Esto obliga a trabajar y centrarse en la construcción de nuevas habilidades para el futuro digital, utilizando la inteligencia artificial para lograr y fortalecer la ciberseguridad, debido a la aparición de amenazas cibernéticas que se consideran fenómenos peligrosos que amenazan la seguridad del estado y que afectan a la mayoría de los sectores vitales y la infraestructura critica de los países, sin los cuales la existencia del ser humano no puede continuar.

Nuestro articulo tiene como objetivo resaltar la importancia del uso de la inteligencia artificial para lograr y mejorar la ciberseguridad, destacando principalmente los riesgos derivados del uso de la inteligencia artificial, lo que obliga a buscar las mejores formas y estrategias para reducir la gravedad de estas amenazas.

Poe lo tanto, después de emplear el enfoque descriptivo – analítico y el enfoque inductivo, ya que son enfoques que están en consonancia con el tema de nuestro estudio, el estudio concluyo que las aplicaciones de inteligencia artificial son capaces de predecir los riesgos y las amenazas cibernéticas y abordarlas mediante la capacitación de capacidades y marcos capaces de proporcionar la protección necesaria para la infraestructura cibernética, dado que el número de profesionales calificados en el campo es muy limitado.

AI and the labor market The dialectic of automation and unemployment in the era of digitalization

2026-02-18T08:10:56+02:00

The world is witnessing a radical transformation in the labor market due to rapid developments in artificial intelligence (AI), which raises fundamental questions about the future of jobs. Some fear that the spread of automation will lead to widespread unemployment, while others believe that AI will create new job opportunities and improve production efficiency. Additionally, some view AI as a driving force for change in the labor market, offering tremendous potential for boosting productivity and creating new jobs. However, it also presents significant challenges, such as the loss of traditional jobs and widening the digital divide. Addressing these challenges requires proactive measures at the individual, institutional, and national levels through investments in education and training, encouraging innovation, and developing appropriate labor market policies. This research addresses this dilemma and seeks to understand the impact of AI on the labor market in the digital age.

The research problem revolves around understanding the complex relationship between AI and the labor market. Will the spread of automation lead to widespread unemployment and exacerbate the economic gap? Or will AI create new job opportunities and improve quality of life? What skills are required in the labor market in the digital age? And how can individuals and organizations adapt to these changes?

The importance of this research lies in highlighting a critical issue affecting the future of societies and economies. Understanding the impact of AI on the labor market is essential for making informed decisions at the individual, institutional, and national levels. This research aims to guide government policies, develop educational and training strategies, and enable individuals to prepare for the future of work.

The goal of this research is to understand the relationship between AI, automation, and the labor market, analyze AI's impact on various sectors and jobs, and identify the skills needed in the labor market in the digital age. This research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach to study the effect of AI on the labor market.

This paper is divided into an introduction that includes the research problem, significance, objectives, and methodology, followed by two chapters: Chapter 1: AI and Labor Market Transformations, Chapter 2: Challenges of Automation and Adaptation Mechanisms in the Labor Market, and a conclusion that includes findings, recommendations, and a list of references.

The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Achieving Sustainable Development in Iraqi Oil Sector A legal Presentation in the Ministry of Oil and the Oil Products Distribution Company

2026-03-12T10:58:41+02:00

The Iraqi oil sector is undergoing rapid transformations driven by technological advancements, with artificial intelligence emerging as an effective tool to enhance operational efficiency and achieve sustainable development goals. Given that the Iraqi Ministry of Oil and the Oil Products Distribution Company represent two fundamental pillars in managing the country’s oil wealth, integrating artificial intelligence into their operational and administrative systems is a necessary step to keep pace with global changes. This research highlights the role of artificial intelligence in achieving sustainable development within these two institutions from a legal perspective, by analyzing the current Iraqi legislative frameworks and assessing their adequacy in regulating the use of such technologies. The study also addresses legislative gaps and proposes legal solutions to ensure the responsible and effective implementation of smart technologies in the oil sector.

The research concludes that the Iraqi legal framework still requires substantial updates to align with digital transformation. Adopting specific regulatory guidelines for artificial intelligence within the Ministry of Oil and its affiliated companies is a strategic necessity to balance innovation, transparency, and environmental protection.

Feachers of the Jordanian legislator in the Cybercrimes Law of 2023#

2026-01-26T16:23:03+02:00

The emergence of cybercrimes necessitated the existence
of legislative texts criminalizing such acts, in respect for and
application of the principle of legality, which states that there
is no crime or punishment except by a legislative text.
Previously, the Penal Code was applied to any crime
committed in accordance with its provisions. However, if the
matter concerned the commission of a crime through means
of communication, the provisions of the Penal Code were
applied in conjunction with the provisions of the
Telecommunications Law No. 13 of 1995.
In the midst of technological and technical development, the
Jordanian legislator intervened for the first time with the
Temporary Information Systems Crimes Law of 2010, then
with the Electronic Crimes Law of 2015 which replaced it,
and then recently the Electronic Crimes Law No. 17 of 2023
was issued. With the last law, the legislator reached a stage
in which it became clear that he followed two approaches in
dealing with electronic crimes: the approach of special text, which is represented by
creating special texts for some electronic crimes, and the approach of reference, which
means that the law refers to any other legislation that may be applied to a specific crime if
it is committed in an electronic way.
Conversely, several legislative observations have emerged regarding the legislator's policy
in enacting these laws. Therefore, this study examines the Jordanian legislator's policy in
addressing cybercrimes, highlighting the most prominent observations related to the
legislator's criminal policy in the Cybercrime Law No. 17 of 2023.

The impact of Artificial Intelligence on Law

2026-02-09T12:28:37+02:00

This study examines the impact of artificial intelligence on law. It shows that artificial intelligence contributes to improving the efficiency of legal work through its practical applications. However, the study also identifies legal gaps resulting from the weakness of existing legal framework governing artificial intelligence. The study is structured into two main sections, the first section discusses the concept and nature of artificial intelligence, while the second section explores artificial intelligence and its effects on legal systems. The study concludes by recommending the enhancement of comprehensive legislation to regulate the use of artificial intelligence and the strengthening of legal oversight to ensure transparency and justice.

Artificial intelligence and the human question

2026-02-21T12:30:11+02:00

This research paper explores the escalating influence of artificial intelligence (AI) on social cohesion, centering on the philosophical interrogation of AI’s relationship with human cognition. The core research question probes whether individuals possess sufficient awareness and rational discernment to prevent AI from exceeding human intellectual capacities. The study is predicated on the premise that AI engenders a novel informational ecosystem—one characterized by unparalleled computational efficiency but fundamentally devoid of deep reasoning and self-reflection. This dichotomy raises a profound inquiry into the cognitive boundaries of artificial intelligence vis-à-vis the human mind.

Employing a critical analytical framework, this study examines AI through philosophical, technological, and sociological lenses. By drawing on established scholarship, it investigates the interaction between AI and human consciousness to evaluate the extent to which AI can replicate the complex cognitive faculties intrinsic to human intelligence.

To dissect these concerns, the research is structured along several key sections:

Analyzing the concept of intelligence in AI and its potential to surpass human cognitive thresholds.

Assessing AI’s impact on human identity and individual autonomy.

Unpacking the philosophical dilemmas posed by AI, conceptualizing it as an ontological disruption rather than merely a technological instrument.

Evaluating the social and ethical ramifications stemming from society’s growing dependence on intelligent systems.

Ultimately, this study offers a critical perspective on the evolving dynamic between AI and humanity, underscoring the imperative for robust ethical and philosophical frameworks to mediate AI’s transformative implications for human societies.

The Role of Faculty Members at Universities in the Kingdom of Bahrain in Achieving Cybersecurity Using Artificial Intelligence

2026-01-29T11:51:08+02:00

The study aimed to identify the role of faculty members at the universities of the Kingdom of Bahrain in achieving cybersecurity using artificial intelligence. The study followed the descriptive survey approach, and used a questionnaire consisting of (20) paragraphs to collect its data. It consisted of two axes: the attitudes of the faculty towards the use of artificial intelligence technology, and the requirements for achieving cybersecurity. Its validity and reliability were verified. The study sample consisted of (261) male and female students from the universities of the Kingdom of Bahrain, who were selected randomly. The results of the study showed that the role of faculty members at the universities of the Kingdom of Bahrain in achieving cybersecurity using artificial intelligence from the point of view of the study community was (Large) in all areas. The results of the study also showed that there were statistically significant differences between the average responses of the study sample members attributed to the variable (Gender), and the differences were in favor of the sample members from the variable (Males).

The researchers recommend "encouraging faculty members' role in enhancing cybersecurity by integrating AI technologies into curricula and training programs, and developing dedicated educational courses focused on advanced AI applications in cybersecurity".

The use of artificial intelligence applications in predictive justice – advantages and risks: A comparative analytical legal study

2026-02-17T10:11:54+02:00

Today, the world is preoccupied with artificial intelligence, and its advocates support its use in various areas of life, including the judicial field, whether through automating judicial procedures, or by operating smart applications that are used within the framework of what are known as predictive justice. Therefore, reaching legal solutions to the main problem on which this study is based is embodied in the legitimacy of replacing many aspects of human judicial activities, and digitizing the procedures associated with the legal litigation system, which will be supported by technologies related to artificial intelligence requirements. This requires us to analyze the impact of artificial intelligence technologies on justice systems, and the problems related to the use of artificial intelligence applications in the justice system, and how artificial intelligence applications can support the work of judges, while we can overcome the main threats to traditional justice values, which are produced by Predictive within the framework of developing the work of the judicial system.

Digitalization and International Human Rights Law: the Protection of the Right to Digital Privacy in the AI Era

2026-02-21T23:41:57+02:00

Digital privacy rights in the age of artificial intelligence (AI) have become the critical component of data safety and privacy rights within the modern digital environment. With the rapid adoption of AI technologies in a variety of aspects of everyday experience, the issue of the security and privacy of personal data has increased. People should be able to control their information and they should be guaranteed that their data will not be escaped or misused. This is especially needed because the AI systems are becoming skilled in harvesting, analyzing, and consuming large amounts of personal information. The developers and firms working in the field of AI ought to pay more attention to privacy using the strongest encryption tools, safe storage measures, and clear guidelines on data-processing. In addition, laws should advocate this right by making organizations responsible whenever their activities were violated or abuse of the rights of digital privacy. In protecting the right to online privacy in AI, it is essential to maintain trust in new technologies and prevent individuals by being harmed or abused in some way. The problem of AI and digital privacy has become more and more obvious. The right of people to their digital privacy is more than ever since the advent of AI technology and its integration into many spheres of life. Digital privacy is a basic human right, and it should be ensured and preserved during the production and implementation of AI technologies. In line with this finding, the present study will provide an in-depth analysis of the intersection of digital transformation with the international human rights law, specifically the law of the right to digital privacy in the era of artificial intelligence. The research, based on the descriptive and analytical approach, outlines the right to digital privacy and examines the law that is relevant to its protection in the era of the digital revolution in the age of artificial intelligence. The paper argues that there will be no safeguarding of privacy and personal data unless domestic law is enacted that provides protections over individual personal data and an electronically aware society that will increase the awareness of any potential dangers of technology effects on privacy. Moreover, it is necessary that states join forces towards protecting the right to digital privacy and address cybercrime and privacy violations.

The impact of artificial intelligence on the development of the principle of regular and steady smooth running of public services. A comparative study (Jordan, France)

2026-01-26T16:07:15+02:00

Artificial intelligence is one of the most significant transformations that has enabled administration to perform its duties quickly, easily, and accurately. This has led to a complete transformation of the responsibilities it bears in managing and operating public facilities. This has been transformed from a simple, traditional form to a modern one through the use of AI-based tools and algorithms. This has simplified administration tasks. As a result, decision-making capabilities have been enhanced and new capabilities have been unleashed, which in turn contribute to preserving the most important principle of administrative law: the principle of the smooth and steady functioning of public facilities.

This has prompted researchers to study the importance of the impact of this controversial technological revolution on the future of public facilities management and its impact on the development of public services provided to the public. This requires reshaping the roles and practices of professionals in this field within the newly created environment, with the aim of maximizing the benefits of the services provided by public facilities with ease and convenience, ensuring they are not hindered. On the contrary, this requires bringing them to the highest levels of professionalism and accuracy, ensuring the advancement of these services to the point of satisfying the needs of beneficiaries and achieving the public interest for which these facilities were created.

The primary role of this development, including but not limited to digital transformation, is in providing these services, or what is known as smart government. This is what all countries strive to achieve, advancing the services they provide to their beneficiaries to the point of luxury. This is in addition to the emergence of what are known as smart administrative contracts, which rely on software and smart systems. This ensures the highest levels of transparency and enhances trust between the parties to this highly sensitive contractual process, as the administration is one of the parties. As a party to public law, its role is fundamentally focused on achieving the public interest through the services provided by the public utilities subject to the contract, which must be managed regularly and steadily to ensure the achievement of this goal. This calls for shedding light on the uses of artificial intelligence in public utilities and its impact on improving the services they provide.

The Use of Artificial Intelligence Technologies by Communicators in Jordan Television: An Analytical Study of Professional and Legal Dimensions

2026-02-10T14:48:08+02:00

This study aimed to explore the use of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies by Jordanian TV communicators. It analyzes the impact of AI on the quality of media content on the one hand, and the associated legal aspects related to AI use in the media on the other. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, and in-depth interviews were used as the primary tool for collecting data from a purposive sample of 15 participants. This included editors, correspondents, presenters, and editors-in-chief. The research results showed that AI plays an important role in improving the efficiency of media work by accelerating content preparation, reducing errors, and facilitating access to vast amounts of information, which helps media professionals to focus on creative and analytical aspects. In addition, the study revealed that the presence of professional, ethical, and legal challenges is hindering the optimal use of these technologies, including a lack of technical skills, fear of job loss, and a weak legislative framework regulating the use of AI. Furthermore, the study highlighted the need to establish clear editorial policies that define the controls for the use of these tools. The study presented a number of recommendations which are enhancing vocational training, developing a unified work guide, and updating the technical infrastructure, in addition to cooperating with legislative bodies to develop relevant laws. The significance of this study arises from its contribution in blocking the knowledge gap in the Arabic literature about AI and media. The study also presents practical visions that could help Jordanian media institutions and decision makers in establishing integrated strategies that achieve the utmost benefit of these technologies, while maintaining the vocational and ethical values in media practices.

Artificial Intelligence and Criminal Justice

2026-02-21T11:50:05+02:00

The study aimed to highlight the most important legal challenges facing the functioning of artificial intelligence technologies in many areas of life in order to achieve sustainable development, in addition to the importance of keeping up with legislation and working on the development of laws governing artificial intelligence in order to balance the development and revolution of the world of communication and the protection of individuals as well as society of its danger, in addition to improving and developing security and police work and joint coordination with judicial and administrative authorities in reducing effort and time and significantly reducing crime rates in society, The researcher used the inductive descriptive approach and reviewed the literature related to the research topic to answer the research problem, which is prominently displayed in the legal challenges facing the work of artificial intelligence in criminal justice and the ability of data to be analyzed based on prior decisions due to the limitations of intelligence tools, activating electronic surveillance legally-especially-in order to ensure human rights. The results indicate that there is a great role for artificial intelligence tools in enhancing the efficiency of criminal justice and developing it to serve the judiciary and enhance the security system in arresting the perpetrators of crime and detecting crimes before they occur and activating electronic monitoring when implementing alternative and authentic punishments. Therefore, one of the most important research recommendations is to develop clear legal frameworks to meet all legal and legislative challenges so that artificial intelligence works safe, fair, legal and to serve the judiciary and society as a whole through a comprehensive consideration of those legal regulations.

Jordanian legislative efforts in artificial intelligence and their impact on cybersecurity

2026-04-15T08:52:47+02:00

Artificial intelligence has become an important part of our daily lives, strongly establishing itself in many scientific and practical fields, such as medicine, education, agriculture, engineering, commerce, industry, domestic services, and other fields. These fields have contributed to improving the quality of life and increasing its efficiency. For this reason, countries have sought to focus on it and make it a tangible reality, far from remaining a mere idea. It offers countless advantages that have aroused curiosity, as it has contributed to the development of scientific research, improved criminal investigations, and the implementation of many tasks with high efficiency, and with reduced costs and effort. In contrast, AI has had several negative consequences, including its replacement of human labor, which has undermined and limited human creativity. Furthermore, it has been used illegally, facilitating the spread of cybercrime using advanced methods that are beyond the ability of current legislation to keep pace with it. These negatives have also posed a significant challenge to national cybersecurity, which must be taken into account. The most important of these is the ability of legislation to adapt to the realities it imposes. The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan has not been immune, as it has been quick to keep pace with this major technological development. The relevant authorities have continued to strengthen their legislative and security efforts to ensure the safe use of AI and mitigate its risks.

Artificial Intelligence and the Prospects of Democratic Development and Freedom of Expression

2026-01-26T16:43:16+02:00

This study aims to explore how smart technologies impact democratic practices, including elections, public discourse, and political participation, by examining the ethical and legal challenges, such as digital censorship, content manipulation, and the reinforcement of stereotypes, in comparison with the opportunities technology provides in expanding participation and communication. The descriptive-analytical approach was employed in this study. The findings reveal that artificial intelligence enhances political participation through digital platforms by improving democratic interaction and analyzing public opinion trends, as well as precisely directing political campaigns using big data analytics techniques. However, significant challenges related to biases, censorship, and the dominance of major corporations emerge, which require appropriate regulation to ensure freedom of expression and digital equality. The study also shows that while artificial intelligence can strengthen democracy by improving political participation and decision-making, it could pose a threat if not adequately regulated, as it may lead to power concentration and undermine fundamental rights and freedoms. Digital censorship contributes to restricting freedom of expression, as AI and algorithmic recommendation systems are used to enforce control over digital activities, further manipulating public opinion in favor of ruling regimes. Finally, the use of artificial intelligence presents ethical challenges related to algorithmic bias and privacy violations, which foster discrimination against certain groups, negatively impacting justice and equality, and restricting freedom of expression and political pluralism.

Economic Analysis of Artificial Intelligence Applications and Their Role in Achieving Sustainable Development Goals "An Analytical and Applied Study on the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan"

2026-02-17T09:29:31+02:00

First and foremost, we would like to say that the discussion around Artificial Intelligence and its role in the global economy has increased significantly, as well as its important and growing role as a driver of productivity and economic growth, and its effective contribution to improving decision-making by analyzing large amounts of data.

It should also be noted that artificial intelligence is considered one of the most important outcomes of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, due to its diverse applications in economic, educational, industrial, medical, and other fields.

Despite the great importance of artificial intelligence applications and the global interest in their results, some express concerns and anticipate negative impacts from the increasing reliance on them. Perhaps this negative outlook stems from the expected impact of these applications on employment and the workforce, small and medium-sized enterprises, the widening knowledge gap between developed and developing countries, and reduced tax revenues.

In addition, many countries have achieved great success in artificial intelligence applications, such as China, which has set a strategy through 2030 aiming to create a domestic market of about $\$150$ billion on the one hand, and to become one of the top countries in the world in artificial intelligence on the other.

Given the novelty of artificial intelligence and its expected dominance of a large share of the global GDP in the next few years, we have chosen this important topic to examine the expected economic impacts on sustainable development and the reflections of these applications on macroeconomic indicators in Jordan.

The ethical challenges of artificial intelligence: A theoretical and philosophical approach

2026-02-21T23:00:52+02:00

The research aspires to draw the features of an ethical map to guide the compass of artificial intelligence, based on two main goals. The first goal is to emphasize the importance of applied ethics in framing the current outcomes and future expectations of artificial intelligence, by establishing ethics that frame the task of the developer, programmer, and user, individuals and institutions alike. Whether, and this is what made the research read in the most important international and Arab ethical legal frameworks, and awareness of the dilemmas of philosophy in the time of the digital revolution, the second goal comes to examine the possibility of transferring human morals to smart machines, or what the research called “ethical technology, In order to reach a more pure artificial intelligence, to avoid any adverse effects on humanity after the expansion of electronic geography, so conjuring up future dimensions was a focused concern within the folds of research to explore the ethical issues of artificial intelligence and to know its benefits, its negatives, and the path towards which it is heading

The Nationality of Autonomous Robots

2026-02-03T11:38:01+02:00

The world in the recent years has witnessed rapid and unprecedented developments in the field of technology and artificial intelligence making this field one of the most important corner of the forth industrial revolution. AI is not merely used on tools to execute technical tasks only, it as well has become an important part of our daily lives as it is able to conduct a number of tasks which require a great deal of intelligence and making self-decisions. These advancements have raised complex legal questions regarding the appropriate legal status of autonomous robots, which encouraged many countries to think about a new legal framework going in line with such advancements.

One of the most controversial issues in this context is the possibility of granting nationality to intelligent robots, especially after the international debate sparked by the granting of Saudi nationality to the humanoid robot Sophia in 2017. It triggered debates among legalists and sociologists about the nationality as a legal right, and whether this right can be expanded to include industrial entities. Can robots be considered "persons" within the legal system? If so, what rights and duties can be granted to them? And how might this affect traditional legal systems that regulate relations between natural and legal persons?

"The impact of artificial intelligence on criminal liability"

2026-02-20T15:00:30+02:00

Artificial intelligence: It is a branch of computer science that aims to make the machine think, learn, and decide in a way that saturates the human being.

Criminal liability: It is the legal link that makes a person obliged to bear the penalty prescribed by law if he commits an act criminalized by law, and the elements of the crime are available with his eligibility to be held accountable.

Parties to criminal liability: The person's obligation to bear the criminal penalty determined by law as a result of committing an act that is considered a crime, when its pillars are available and his eligibility for awareness and choice at the time of the act is proven.

The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Social Ladder: Legal Challenges and Potential Opportunities in the Digital Age

2026-03-12T11:08:25+02:00

This study examines the impact of artificial intelligence on social ladder in the digital age, focusing on two axes: the legal challenges posed by artificial intelligence applications, on the one hand, and the potential opportunities that can be exploited by harnessing AI tools to serve justice and individual rights, on the other. The study aims to analyze the Jordanian legislator's position on regulating artificial intelligence, highlighting the possibility of creating a safe environment when using these technologies in a manner that is appropriate for the local community, ensuring the protection of individual fundamental rights, and proposing a set of legal solutions aiming at addressing future-oriented challenges in light of the rapid acceleration of artificial intelligence technologies and applications. This will achieve a balanced environment that protects the public interest and consolidates the concept of support for societal stability. A descriptive analytical approach was adopted, along with a comparative approach to compare the various legislations related to this field. The study focused on the most prominent legal challenges facing the use of artificial intelligence, including data privacy protection, cybersecurity issues, who bears responsibility for AI decisions, intellectual property rights protection, and human rights protection. It also presented a detailed overview of the potential opportunities for the use of artificial intelligence. The study concluded with a set of findings and recommendations, most notably the urgent need to enact modern legislation that reflects the technical development of artificial intelligence. This can be achieved by establishing a clear regulatory framework that can keep pace with the rapid development of technologies, enhancing opportunities for cooperation with advanced countries in codifying legislation with a technical dimension, especially in the field of artificial intelligence, and establishing an AI regulatory body in Jordan whose role would be to create awareness and training programs and monitor the implementation of laws related to artificial intelligence.

The role of artificial intelligence in protecting privacy through social networking sites

2026-01-26T16:35:14+02:00

This research paper aims to explore the role of artificial intelligence techniques in protecting user privacy on social media platforms by analyzing threat detection mechanisms, implementing protection policies, and enhancing personal data security. The study relies on the descriptive-analytical approach, reviewing the latest AI technologies, such as deep learning and natural language processing, to identify potential risks and privacy violations. The paper addresses several main themes, including fraud and breach detection algorithms, automated encryption techniques, permission management systems, and the role of AI in enhancing transparency and control over personal data. It also discusses the challenges of using AI in this field, such as AI ethics and balancing security with user freedom. The study is expected to reveal the effectiveness of AI in improving data security and reducing breaches, while providing recommendations to develop solutions that are more adaptable to evolving threats.

Legal challenges in the field of artificial intelligence: (between regulation and protection)

2026-02-11T21:08:21+02:00

This research provides a comprehensive analytical study of the nature and historical development of Artificial Intelligence (AI), exploring its concepts from both technical and legal perspectives. It aims to identify the legal and ethical challenges posed by autonomous technologies while exploring the economic and social opportunities arising from their use. The study focuses on addressing the dilemma of balancing AI's immense potential for innovation with its associated risks regarding liability, privacy, and bias. Furthermore, it reviews international legislative stances, highlighting Egypt's establishment of the National AI Council, the European Union's move toward discussing legal status for robots, and legislative efforts in the United States. The research concludes by emphasizing the necessity of formulating flexible legal frameworks and establishing specialized regulatory bodies to ensure the responsible and safe deployment of AI technologies.

The role of artificial intelligence in achieving cybersecurity

2026-02-21T21:57:59+02:00

Throughout history, nations have relied on human intelligence to achieve cybersecurity, gathering information, tightening controls, tracking threats, closing vulnerabilities, and responding to potential cyber incidents. However, in the last decade, artificial intelligence (AI) has developed rapidly, offering significant benefits to cyber defense by automating core operations (computer use, processor-based devices, and software). This automates processes, streamlining and automating them, thus accelerating processing and enhancing national security.

The expansion of the digital world has contributed to a rise in cyber threats to societal security. With the tremendous advancements in the technology sector, particularly AI, in recent years, the relationship between AI and cybersecurity has become complex. AI is being exploited to infiltrate government institutions, whether by extremist groups or other states during periods of political tension and conflict. However, AI can also be used as an advanced tool to counter these cyber threats and enhance national security and defense capabilities. This necessitates that governments and institutions worldwide adopt a strategy of integrating AI systems with human capabilities to maximize the benefits of these modern technologies in cybersecurity.

The extent of the need to establish a criminal judiciary specialized in examining technical crimes A comparative study

2026-02-01T12:48:59+02:00

Artifical Intelligence: An Opportunity or a Threat to the Labor Market? ACase Study of the Arab Labor Market.

2026-02-18T10:26:24+02:00

This study aims to explore the new job opportunities that artificial intelligence may create while simultaneously examining the potential threats it poses due to the reduction of many jobs, as it is close to infiltrating the daily lives of individuals, societies, and entire nations.

The core issue of this study revolves around answering the main question, which focuses on the benefits and opportunities presented by artificial intelligence, as well as the threats it poses to the labor system and jobs. Does it represent an incentive or a danger to societies, nations, and humanity as a whole?

In order to provide a concise and reflective study of the reality, the descriptive approach was adopted to analyzelabor market developments. This was achieved by gathering data, information, and knowledge, and utilizing both analytical and comparative methods, as they would be more effective in the process of analysis, comparison, and then forecasting and anticipating future outcomes.

As for the expected results concerning jobs and employment amidst the artificial intelligence revolution, it is a field driven by two opposing forces. They share both opportunities and risks. However, the scale may tip in favor of opportunities in the long term, as every previous industrial revolution, although initially inducing fear, has ultimately provided benefits greater than its losses over time.

The impact of artificial intelligence on the preparation of evidence in the Saudi judiciary - a comparative study

2026-03-12T11:01:36+02:00

This study comes in an era of rapid digital development and digital governments competing in the quality of their performance, the speed of their completion, and the governance of their procedures. The Saudi evidence system has been modernized and developed, benefiting from the systems that preceded it and drawing on regional and international experiences. One of its innovations is the establishment of a department dedicated to the preparation of evidence and the management of its affairs, without compromising the judiciary's ability to weigh and examine evidence. Given the novelty of the topic and the lack of previous studies, the researcher saw an opportunity to keep pace with this trend and develop it by examining the impact of employing artificial intelligence in serving this department. The first section begins by defining artificial intelligence, explaining its types and the most important roles it can play in serving the management of evidence preparation. It then defines judicial evidence, its evidence, and the characteristics of emerging evidence. The second section discusses the management of evidence preparation and its definition, and then discusses its roles based on what the system stipulates. The third section aims to balance the expected positives of employing artificial intelligence in preparing evidence and potential challenges of this employment. The researcher adopted a descriptive approach to explore principles and concepts, as well as to describe the roles of management. He also adopted an analytical approach to explore the expected effects of employing artificial intelligence in preparing evidence and its repercussions on the evidentiary process. He also adopted a comparative analytical approach to establish the roles and decisions of the competent administration. Among the most prominent findings reached by the researcher are: Evidence preparation management is a new administrative approach to managing the evidentiary process in the Saudi judiciary. Its goal is to expedite its consideration and manage the processes of this consideration in a flexible, specialized manner, without burdening the court session, thus reducing the duration of litigation. He also said that artificial intelligence can perform these roles in a swift, disciplined, and controlled manner to improve this process and raise its quality. He also said that the expected positive effects, such as speed, discipline, and standardization of procedures taken with evidentiary evidence, outweigh the potential challenges, such as fears of non-compliance with the principles of judicial organization in Saudi Arabia, or the lack of recognition and distrust of the outputs of artificial intelligence systems. The researcher recommends that artificial intelligence services be employed to serve the competent administration in preparing evidence, while adhering to the controls imposed by the competent authorities for the operation and employment of such technologies, with continuous research into the effects of these emerging services to accelerate their development.

An AI-powered smart assistant acting as a spokesperson for a government entity – the Zakat, Tax and Customs Authority being a case in point

2026-01-26T16:27:16+02:00

Government agencies have recently been
competing with private entities in customer service,
and have gone further than the latter in their duty to
explain and simplify the law and its provisions for
those subject to it. To this end, users of government
websites now interact with automated chatbots or
intelligent assistants that answer their inquiries, guide
them to the required information, and may even direct
them to a legal ruling or administrative procedure.
The tax administration in any country is one of the
government agencies most interested in
communicating with taxpayers and clarifying the
provisions of the tax law to them, especially given
what studies and reports indicate that the difficulty
and complexity of the tax law is one of the most
prominent reasons for weak compliance and increased
tax loss (Tax Gap). Some tax administrations around
the world have already begun using smart assistants to interact with taxpayers and their
inquiries at different levels.
This paper begins by defining smart assistants, explaining their mechanisms, and outlining
the objectives of their use in government agencies in the first section. The second section
focuses on the hypothetical case study: the use of smart assistants at the Zakat, Tax, and
Customs Authority (the Authority) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This use is then
legally regulated in the second section, leading into the third section, which examines the
regulatory implications for both the Authority and taxpayers. Assuming that the smart
assistant is trained and provided with information by the Authority to deliver helpful,
accurate, and reliable responses to taxpayers, the researcher intends to measure the smart
assistant's responses against the content of the informational and guidance manuals issued
by the Authority.

Thus, it expresses its viewpoint and interpretation of zakat and tax regulations and bylaws,
and is binding on the authority if the conditions are met and there are no impediments. It
also has legal value and validity for the taxpayer if followed in good faith. While this
outcome may not appear to be in the interest of the administrative body, it ultimately
prioritizes the taxpayer's interests and ensures that government agencies take these tools
seriously and are held accountable for their actions, just as they are held accountable for
the content of their publications and guidelines.

Ethical restrictions on the use of artificial intelligence in the application and implementation of judicial rulings

2026-02-09T20:49:41+02:00

This research examines the ethical and legal constraints governing the use of artificial intelligence technologies in the application and enforcement of judicial judgments, given that the enforcement stage represents the practical extension of judicial work and the phase in which justice is realized in its concrete and tangible form. The study is situated within the context of the accelerating digital transformation of judicial institutions and the growing tendency to integrate intelligent systems into enforcement procedures, to enhance efficiency and escalating the enforcement of justice.

The research focuses on analyzing the ethical challenges associated with the deployment of algorithmic systems in judgment enforcement, particularly the risks of algorithmic bias, the lack of transparency in decision-making mechanisms, and the difficulty of determining legal responsibility for execution errors resulting from intelligent systems. It also addresses the impact of such use on procedural justice guarantees, the principle of equality before the law, litigants’ rights to challenge and review enforcement measures. The research as well discusses the limits of legitimacy of some executive measures to technical systems that lack the self capability to have the human evaluation for humanitarian and social implications of implementation.

The study adopts an analytical, doctrinal, and comparative methodology by examining the conceptual and legislative frameworks regulating artificial intelligence within the judicial sphere, alongside an analysis of selected international experiences involving the use of intelligent systems in judicial and enforcement contexts. This approach aims to extract relevant lessons and assess their compatibility with ethical principles and legal safeguards.

The research concludes that the use of artificial intelligence in the enforcement of judicial judgments can only be considered legitimate when conducted within a strict ethical and legal framework that ensures effective human judicial oversight over technological outputs, preserves the essence of justice, and justice independence and safeguards the individuals' fundamental rights and freedoms. Such a framework is essential to achieving a balanced approach that reconciles technological development with the principles of the rule of law.

The Effect of Artificial Intelligence on Cybersecurity

2026-02-21T12:37:01+02:00

Artificial intelligence (AI) is one of the most important and rapidly evolving technologies, aiming to enhance the ability to develop applications and systems that mimic human mental capabilities. Therefore, it can be argued -according to a preliminary analysis- that innovation has the potential to enhance cybersecurity, and its manifestations in AI applications further enhance this capacity. Accordingly, AI can analyze massive amounts of data at extraordinary speed, automate security operations, predict potential threats, and even enable proactive measures. Conversely, AI poses an increasing number of risks and threats to cybersecurity as a result of its exploitation in numerous diverse technical systems across various fields, as well as within various forms of warfare tools, and as part of a wide range of weapons and military applications. Consequently, the dual impact of AI on cybersecurity has made the relationship more complex and multifaceted.

The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Detecting Money Laundering and Its Impact on the Confidentiality of Bank Customers’ Accounts

2026-01-31T16:48:12+02:00

Banking secrecy is one of the essential principles of the banking system, as banks are obliged to safeguard their customers’ information and refrain from disclosing it except in cases explicitly stipulated by law. The adoption of modern digital technologies in banking services has rendered banks an attractive environment for money launderers, who seek to exploit these features to conceal funds derived from illegal activities, so that after laundering they appear to originate from legitimate sources. As a result, traditional methods used to monitor and detect money laundering activities have become inadequate to keep pace with increasingly sophisticated and evolving techniques. This has prompted competent authorities to adopt new strategies that correspond to the nature of emerging risks, leading many states to rely on artificial intelligence systems as part of their efforts to combat money laundering. However, the effectiveness of these systems depends on their integration with human expertise to ensure genuine efficiency in identifying suspicious activities. This study aims to examine the role of artificial intelligence in combating money laundering and to assess its impact on the privacy of customers’ data, through an analysis of the traditional legal framework and the artificial intelligence mechanisms employed in this field.

Digital Facial verification/ recognition Technology, Legitimacy and Reliability

2026-02-18T08:07:19+02:00

Facial verification/ recognition technology using AI for facial print is a modern system for identifying people. It is one of the scientific evidences produced by the biological and technological revolution used in forensic proof by mapping facial features and comparing them with information in the database stored in these programs.

The problems of research are several problems, including that facial recognition depends on the exploitation of biometric data (biometrics) that are originally classified as sensitive data and may only be processed in accordance with special procedures, as remote identification methods based on AI algorithms do not have any legal safeguard to protect the processing of personal data, especially since the persons concerned are not aware of the processing of their data, thereby threatening the principle of notification. Consequently, this topic is a wide area of debate in the international and domestic arena, given the risks to privacy posed by such use.

As a whole, the role that the face's print harms in criminal evidence, its legitimacy and authenticity in the legal system are reflected. This is within the framework of the descriptive and analytical approaches to examining these problems and finding results to address them.

Artificial Intelligence and Criminal Proceedings: A Study of Major Global Experiences

2026-02-22T09:55:14+02:00

This research examines the role of artificial intelligence in the development of criminal justice systems, focusing on its applications in criminal investigations, evidence collection, data analysis, and judicial decision-making. The study aims to assess the extent to which artificial intelligence enhances the efficiency, accuracy, and speed of criminal proceedings, while also identifying the legal and ethical challenges associated with its use, particularly algorithmic bias, data privacy concerns, and the issue of legal liability for AI-generated decisions.

The research also explores key global experiences in the use of artificial intelligence in criminal trials, particularly in the United States, the European Union, and China. These jurisdictions have implemented AI systems for predictive analysis, evidence evaluation, risk assessment, and judicial decision support. In some cases, AI-powered virtual judges have been used in resolving minor legal disputes, reflecting the growing integration of AI into judicial systems.

The study adopts a comparative analytical approach to examine different legal frameworks and applications of artificial intelligence across jurisdictions. It also employs a descriptive and critical legal methodology to evaluate the regulatory and ethical implications of AI integration in criminal justice.

The research concludes that artificial intelligence represents a transformative tool capable of improving judicial efficiency, enhancing objectivity, and supporting judicial decision-making. However, its successful implementation requires a clear legal and regulatory framework that ensures transparency, accountability, and protection of fundamental rights. AI should serve as a supportive tool rather than a substitute for human judges, preserving the human dimension of justice and ensuring fair trial guarantees.

The impact of artificial intelligence on enhancing the reality of intellectual property rights

2026-01-26T16:16:12+02:00

The study examined the impact of AI applications on intellectual property (IP), which raises numerous legal issues related to IP issues, including the extent of legal protection that can be provided to works resulting from AI technologies. Various forms of IP protection are an important area for these technologies. Furthermore, AI tools are now being used to organize, analyze, and audit IP records. These rights include trademarks, industrial designs, and patents, which necessitates research into the role of these systems in protecting IP rights. Information is a product of human thought, forming a wealth of information and knowledge that is not limited to a specific field, but rather encompasses scientific, economic, security, and other fields. Therefore, the intellectual property rights of these ideas must be recognized, given their importance and impact on the level of development of nations. This necessitates efforts to protect intellectual property rights. Among the legal challenges raised by AI in the field of intellectual property rights is the question of whether a work, art, design, or composition is created or invented by AI systems. Who is considered the author or owner of the rights thereto? Is it the programmer, the developer, or the user of these systems? Could the owner of the intellectual property rights be the AI itself? As legal professionals, we face challenges regarding the issues raised by AI applications in the field of intellectual property rights, especially since intellectual property laws were enacted to apply to works authored, created, or invented by humans, not AI. We face a legislative vacuum regarding inventions achieved by AI systems. The study concluded that it is necessary to amend intellectual property legislation to address the challenges arising from the use of artificial intelligence and attempt to legally regulate the ownership of works generated by these systems. Should they be attributed to the creators of the algorithms, for example, or to the users, or to the artificial intelligence itself? Legislators and practitioners in these fields should collaborate to attempt to adapt the legal frameworks of intellectual property legislation regarding creativity and innovation resulting from artificial intelligence technologies.

Uses of Artificial Intelligence in Achieving Predictive Criminal Justice According to the Provisions of Jordanian Law

2026-02-08T23:16:00+02:00

This study aimed to analyze the role of artificial intelligence in achieving predictive justice within the framework of Jordanian law by identifying the possibility of employing smart technologies in supporting the Jordanian judicial process and enhancing its efficiency. The study focuses on the concept of predictive justice as one of the tools that is based on analyzing judicial precedents in order to reuse their data to predict future judicial rulings, while discussing the ethical and legal challenges resulting from the use of such technologies

For this purpose, the study used both the analytical and descriptive approaches to collect relevant Jordanian legal texts for use in the study. The study reached several conclusions, the most important of which is that artificial intelligence algorithms cannot perform the process of investigation and inference according to the provisions of the Jordanian Code of Criminal Procedure under penalty of invalidity unless they are used as one of the means within that process and not as standalone tools. Therefore, it recommended enacting some legal texts that allow judicial bodies to accept the use of artificial intelligence algorithms, so that flexibility is the basis for the use of predictive criminal justice in the Jordanian judiciary.

The unique aspect of granting legal status to artificial intelligence in the field of creativity and innovation# "A descriptive and analytical study

2026-02-21T12:24:18+02:00

Abstract:

The emergence of smart systems or artificial intelligence has had a significant impact on many areas of life. Artificial intelligence has caused a major shake-up in the legal field, leading to the emergence of some new ideas that have become a challenge to the legal system as a whole in the area of how to protect rights. Artificial intelligence is distinguished by its tremendous ability to perform by simulating human capabilities and senses, and sometimes even surpassing some of these capabilities.

Artificial intelligence has become capable of creating and innovating directly without human intervention; simply by pressing the start button. Therefore, we believe that the super intelligence of artificial intelligence systems will be a watershed moment in the field of granting patent rights. Therefore, we must consider the current legislation and laws regulating the protection of intellectual property rights in general. Patents in particular, and also research into whether there is a change in the terms of protection that is consistent with this challenge. If artificial intelligence becomes capable of learning and creating on its own, this poses a new challenge to the current legal system, which requires that the applicant for a patent be a natural person, and other conditions that are difficult to meet in artificial intelligence .

One of the main themes discussed in this research is how patents should be granted to inventions developed by AI systems without significant human intervention. The research also aims to propose legal recommendations that ensure a fair balance between encouraging innovation and protecting the rights of inventors in light of the rapid technological development of AI.

The use of artificial intelligence in courts

2026-04-15T10:43:57+02:00

It is important to note at the outset the importance of distinguishing between two different fields in the technological world. The first is information technology, which refers to the use of computers and technical systems to obtain, index, organize, and quickly retrieve information. The other field, which is the subject of this paper, is artificial intelligence, which refers to "computer systems that make logical inferences related to the human mind and can perform tasks that require human intelligence." That is, artificial intelligence analyzes, studies, and infers like the human mind, and is not merely about the speed of collecting, classifying, and indexing information as it was previously. Artificial intelligence, as described, is new to the judicial systems in the world, and countries are still researching and discussing the application of artificial intelligence in their judicial systems, which is what we will try to reveal in this paper, God willing.

Spatio-temporal crime maps and their role in crime reduction In light of artificial intelligence technologies

2026-01-26T16:46:48+02:00

Developing effective crime prevention strategies depends on understanding the geographic realities of crime events and then predicting their number, location, and timing. In this regard, recent studies in the field of criminology research focus on the spatial and spatiotemporal analysis of criminal activities. Studies reveal that criminal activities exhibit similar spatial patterns with varying temporal patterns. Therefore, the development of predictive models for criminal activities can directly support crime prevention and proactive deterrence planning. By analyzing the role of spatiotemporal crime maps in reducing crime in light of artificial intelligence through a critical descriptive approach, which includes analyzing and extrapolating the research literature on artificial intelligence and spatiotemporal crime patterns, The current research concludes that spatio-temporal mapping allows for the prediction of crimes and methods of committing them, as well as the times and places where the risk of crime is highest. Artificial intelligence also provides an opportunity for proactive interventions to deter crime or reduce the chances of it occurring. Furthermore, spatio-temporal crime patterns are linked to specific factors, and analyzing them provides multiple pieces of information to predict what may happen in the future.

The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Economic Development “Challenges and Applications”

2026-02-17T09:41:17+02:00

This research aims to analyze the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on economic development by examining its applications in enhancing productivity, fostering innovation, and transforming key economic sectors such as industry, agriculture, financial services, healthcare, and energy. The study explores how AI can improve economic decision-making, reduce resource waste, and boost the competitiveness of businesses and nations, ultimately contributing to sustainable development.

The research also identifies key challenges hindering the widespread adoption of AI, including the digital divide between developed and developing countries, high infrastructure costs, shortage of skilled workforce, and the disruptive impact of automation on labor markets, which creates new job opportunities while eliminating traditional roles.

The research is based on a literature review and an analysis of case studies from both developed and developing countries regarding the adoption of AI technologies. The study focuses on strategies for enhancing AI utilization in economic development. Finally, the research provides recommendations for policymakers and economic institutions on how to leverage AI to maximize benefits while mitigating associated risks, contributing to a more efficient and sustainable digital economy.

Using a comparative analytical approach, the study examines successful case studies of AI adoption in leading economies and provides future-oriented insights on optimizing AI for sustainable economic growth. The research concludes with policy recommendations for governments and decision-makers, advocating for the development of clear legal and ethical frameworks, increased investment in AI research and development, and corporate incentives to integrate AI technologies in ways that maximize benefits while minimizing risks.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence - AI, Economic Development, Sustainable Development, Productivity, Technological Innovation, Big Data Analytics, Machine Learning – ML, Digital Divide, Digital Economy, Economic Policies, Labor Market, Digital Transformation, Cybersecurity, Technological Unemployment, Technical Challenges, Ethical Challenges, Knowledge Economy.

AI-Driven Freedom To Operate: Redefining Intellectual Property Strategy for Pharmaceuticals

2026-02-21T23:30:11+02:00

The Freedom to Operate (FTO) process is a critical component of intellectual property (IP) management in the pharmaceutical industry. It ensures that companies can develop, manufacture, and commercialize products without infringing on existing patents. With the increasing complexity of patent landscapes, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative tool to enhance the FTO process. AI-driven technologies improve the accuracy and efficiency of assessing potential risks, enabling companies to make more informed decisions about product development and market entry.

AI systems in FTO processes analyze vast datasets, identify potential overlaps with existing patents, and provide detailed maps of the IP environment. These capabilities are particularly valuable for pharmaceutical companies operating in highly competitive and complex regulatory frameworks. AI technologies enable companies to explore markets strategically, design products that minimize infringement risks, and identify opportunities for innovation in areas with limited patent competition.

Another advantage of AI is its ability to monitor changes in the IP landscape in real time, including tracking new patent filings, modifications, and expirations. Predictive capabilities allow businesses to assess the enforceability of patents, aiding decisions related to licensing, challenges to weak patents, or designing around existing claims. These features ensure companies remain proactive in managing their IP risks and maintain a competitive edge.

Despite its benefits, the use of AI in FTO analyses is not without challenges. Ensuring data accuracy, addressing ethical considerations, and incorporating human expertise in interpreting patent claims and legal nuances remain essential. While AI provides significant advancements in speed and precision, human oversight is critical for nuanced decision-making and compliance with legal frameworks.

The methodology employed in this research will be a hybrid approach, combining an extensive review of AI-driven tools and their applications in FTO with practical case studies from the pharmaceutical sector.

This paper will firstly discuss the current IP landscape and challenges in conducting FTO analyses, particularly in the pharmaceutical industry. Secondly, it will examine the role of AI in addressing these challenges by improving patent search efficiency, enabling real-time monitoring, and enhancing predictive risk assessment. Finally, the paper will evaluate the limitations of AI tools, such as ethical considerations, data quality issues, and the need for human oversight, while proposing recommendations for their effective integration into FTO strategies.

Creations of Generative Artificial Intelligence "Who Owns the Intellectual Property?"

2026-02-06T20:31:06+02:00

Due to the rapid developments in the field of artificial intelligence in general, and generative artificial intelligence in particular, which has begun to compete with and even surpass human capabilities in certain tasks, it has become essential to review the intellectual property rights of the content produced by these tools due to their ability to learn and develop without a direct human interference, and because they are able to adapt and acquire experiences through time based on the size of information and input data.

The researcher in this study attempts to answer whether generative artificial intelligence can be granted independent legal personality with rights and obligations, like other legal entities, thereby generative artificial intelligence would get intellectual property rights over its creations.

In the first section, the researcher addresses the definition of generative artificial intelligence and its forms, where it is considered as one of the technologies that establish a new and creative content such as texts, pictures, music, ...etc based on the input data and which the system identified. Secondly, the researcher discusses the issue of recognizing the independent legal personality of generative artificial intelligence in the second section, where the legal systems recognize the legal personality of entities like companies, they still face difficulties in acknowledging generative AI tools as independent legal entities. Thirdly, the researcher examines the legal challenges of granting intellectual property rights to generative AI, and the issues surrounding granting these rights, and proposed solutions.

The researcher recommends recognizing generative artificial intelligence as a limited independent legal entity, enabling it to acquire and hold intellectual property rights for its creations, without conflicting with public order and morals, while holding the developer or operator accountable in the event of violations. This entails the importance of amending laws to define authorship and invention to also include generative artificial intelligence under specific conditions. The researcher believes that this recognition- with the complete legal personality - is inevitable with the rapid advancements occurring globally. With the induction of the current

Legal systems and analyzing their contexts, there will be no legal framework that grants the generative AI an independent considerate personality at any country now.

The legality of using artificial intelligence in criminal investigation

2026-02-21T11:20:45+02:00

The aim of this research is to reveal the legality of the use of artificial intelligence in controlling crime, through the use of artificial intelligence systems in criminal investigation procedures such as investigation and reasoning, for the purposes of detecting the crime and tracking down its perpetrators, in order to achieve the desired justice Taking into account the legitimacy of the measures taken by the competent authorities, especially since the Jordanian Code of Criminal Procedure does not stipulate the use or non-use of artificial intelligence systems in searching for evidence of crime and investigating crimes Especially since the world is living in an era of accelerated technological innovation, which despite its positive aspects has produced many negatives, as some have misused the capabilities provided by the global information network to commit acts that fall under the penalty of the law Especially the new crimes that have developed with the introduction of artificial intelligence technology, and the Jordanian legislator has criminalized them in the Jordanian Cybercrime Law No. (17) of (2023). Therefore, tools and systems that detect these crimes must be developed in line with this tremendous technological development

Artificial intelligence plays a crucial role in a variety of vital fields, the most prominent of which is national security, as artificial intelligence has become a major factor in enhancing the ability to respond to modern security challenges and reducing crime with modern technological means..

Accordingly, the researcher divided this research into two sections. In the first section, she addressed the nature of artificial intelligence and its characteristics, which was divided into two topics. In the first section, the researcher talked about the concept of artificial intelligence in language and terminology, and in the second section, the researcher discussed the characteristics of artificial intelligence In the second section, the researcher discussed the legal controls for the use of artificial intelligence in controlling crime. This section was divided into two topics. The first, the researcher talked about the legal regulation of the use of artificial intelligence in the Jordanian Code of Criminal Procedure In the second topic, the researcher talked about models of artificial intelligence and its impact on the criminal field. The researcher followed the descriptive analytical approach, which is the approach that aims to collect data from its primary sources, organize it, and compare it to arrive at recommendations that can be actually implemented

The researcher reached a set of results, the most important of which is the lack of specific legal controls regulating the use of artificial intelligence systems. The researcher recommended the need to amend the Code of Criminal Procedure and include an explicit text on the use of artificial intelligence systems and determine the controls for its use

Granting legal personality to artificial intelligence: reality or fiction

2026-03-18T12:25:03+02:00

As a result of the damages caused by the various uses of artificial intelligence

in all aspects of life—and the material and physical harm resulting from such use—a question arises regarding who should bear responsibility for these damages. Should liability be attributed to the artificial intelligence itself, or should it fall upon its manufacturer or user?

The answer to this question depends on the concept of legal personality and whether artificial intelligence can be granted such personality, alongside natural and legal persons to whom legislators have already granted legal status.

The issue is not simple, and this study seeks to answer the following question: What are the limits of recognizing artificial intelligence as having legal personality, and what are the serious legal implications of such recognition?

The study concludes that, due to the nature and lack of independence in the activity of artificial intelligence, civil liability for damages caused by artificial intelligence for the owner or manufacturer, or inventor or the producer according to the nature of damage and responsibility.

Jamal bin Sulaiman Al-Sharji

2026-01-26T16:39:10+02:00

Artificial intelligence (AI) has become widely
used by millions of people daily, particularly in
decision-making processes across various fields,
including transportation, medicine, finance, the
environment, sustainable development, the judiciary,
and public administration. AI has brought about
significant advancements in these diverse areas.
These developments necessitate legal intervention,
especially concerning the issuance of administrative
decisions based on AI systems, which are now being
made entirely automatically, or in the execution of
routine administrative tasks. In the administrative
sphere, authorities may utilize AI for automated
decision-making in various administrative activities,
such as granting licenses for industrial or commercial
activities, or for carrying out their daily operations,
particularly those related to public medical facilities. In both cases, the issue of liability
for damages resulting from this use can arise. This research examines the concept of AI,
its characteristics, types, and applications in the administrative field, as well as the nature
and legal basis of liability arising from damages caused by AI in administrative
operations. The research also examines the judiciary's stance on the legality of
administrative use of artificial intelligence technologies in automated decision-making,
and compensation for damages resulting from such decisions. Finally, the research
addresses the central question—given the increasing use of artificial intelligence and
growing investments in it—namely, whether the general rules of administrative liability
are sufficient to address damages resulting from the use of artificial intelligence
technologies, or whether specific rules are needed to address liability for such damages.

The Legal Classification of Artificial Intelligence Personality in Omani and Comparative Legislation and Its Legal Implications

2026-02-11T21:28:05+02:00

Abstract:
The issue of granting legal personality to artificial intelligence within Omani legislation and other legal systems in a comprehensive manner, is one of the emerging topics that requires defining its framework in terms of meaning and concept, in order to understand and comprehend the legal implications resulting from the applications of such technology. This research addresses several main aspects that contribute to analyzing the topic from legal, technical, and social perspectives. The discussion is divided into two sections: the first examines the conceptual framework of artificial intelligence and legal personality, while the second explores the consequences and liabilities arising from defining artificial intelligence, through their study, the researchers aim to present findings that bridge the scientific gaps in this field, followed by recommendations that enrich both the legislative and practical dimensions related to it.

Intellectual property violations in the age of artificial intelligence: between digital forgery and legislative challenges

2026-02-21T22:30:10+02:00

This research addresses intellectual property rights violations in the era of artificial intelligence—a premier contemporary legal challenge driven by rapid technological advancement. The author highlights how AI technologies, such as deep learning and content generation, serve as double-edged swords: they foster innovation on one hand, and enable the infringement of creators' and inventors' rights on the other through digital forgery (e.g., Deepfakes), automated imitation, and the unauthorized copying of literary and artistic works, thereby raising unprecedented legal issues.

The research as well focuses on the legal reality in Palestine, noting that the local legislative framework still suffers from a clear deficiency in addressing these issues. This includes either the absence of a governing law for industrial designs or the weak enforcement capacity of intellectual property legislation against modern digital violations. The researcher indicates that Palestinian laws do not account for the technical specificities of works generated by artificial intelligence, nor do they clearly define legal liability when a machine or intelligent system is the content creator.

In light of this, the study proposes a set of recommendations aimed at bridging the legislative gap and enhancing legal protection. Key recommendations include amending existing legislation to include AI-generated works within the scope of protection, regulating the use of AI tools in creative fields, and establishing legal standards to determine liability for infringements. Additionally, it calls for enhanced legal cooperation at regional and international levels to combat cross-border digital crimes. In conclusion, the study emphasizes that achieving a balance between encouraging technological innovation and protecting intellectual property rights is a fundamental challenge that requires a comprehensive and integrated legislative response.