Political Sciences and Law Series

The problem of determining the legal nature of artificial intelligence systems within the framework of civil liability

2025-05-05T11:44:29+02:00

This study clarifies the definition of artificial intelligence systems and its characteristics that bring them closer to the legal person, this study also discussed the conditions for acquiring legal personality,and whether it is possible to impart it to artificial intelligence systems and thus determine the party responsible for the actions of these systems and the damages resulting from their use, how to prove it, and whether this responsibility can be assigned to these systems.

This study found that the actual problem of responsibility for the acts of artificial intelligence lies in the proof ,whether to prove that the defect was in the product when manufacturing within the framework of responsibility for the defective product, or to prove the causal relationship between the damage and the act of those in charge of the system within the framework of tort liability in and as a result, this study recommended recognizing the responsibility of artificial intelligence systems, especially in cases where it is difficult to prove the causal relationship and the inability to deny it by those in charge, These systems assign this responsibility to one of two things :the recognition of the legal personality of these systems,or the presumption of causation, as stated in the European Commission directive issued to the Parliament under the name (Artificial Intelligence Responsibility Directive) issued in 2022.

Key words : artificial intelligence , civil liability ,legal personality

The Legal Provisions of Electoral Campaigning in Jordan: An Analytical Study

2025-05-26T14:51:19+02:00

This study examines the legal provisions governing electoral campaigning under Election Law No. 4 of 2022 in Jordan, with the aim of addressing the study’s central issue: the adequacy of the legislative provisions regulating electoral campaigning and the effectiveness of the controls and safeguards adopted by the Jordanian legislator. Accordingly, the study seeks to analyze the legal provisions established by the Jordanian legislator to regulate electoral campaigning, determine the temporal and spatial scope of campaign activities, and highlight the legal provisions governing the financing of campaign activities for candidates running for parliamentary councils.

To achieve its objectives, the study adopts a descriptive approach through an analytical examination of the legislative texts relevant to electoral campaigning, assessing their effectiveness, and addressing any potential shortcomings. The study concludes that the Jordanian legislator has taken care to establish a set of legal provisions ensuring equal opportunities among candidates and electoral lists, the most important of which include the obligation of media institutions and public authorities to maintain neutrality and treat all candidates equally, as well as the requirement to designate specific locations for electoral campaigning and distribute them fairly among competing lists.

The study recommends incorporating a provision in the Election Law that explicitly sets out the principles and criteria to be observed in the allocation of designated electoral campaigning spaces among the competing lists, in a clear and precise manner.

“The repercussions of the Israeli aggression on Gaza in 2023 on regional stability in the Middle East”

2025-06-30T12:51:48+02:00

Abstract

Objectives:This study aims to analyze the historical background of the Gaza wars between 2008 and 2021 in terms of objectives and outcomes, clarify the concept of regional security in the Middle East, and identify the main threats it faces. It also seeks to monitor and analyze the political, security, geostrategic, and economic implications of the 2023 Israeli war on Gaza, and assess its impact on the future of regional security in the area.

Methodology:The study adopts the systems analysis approach to understand political interactions at both the international and regional levels and the war’s impact on the stability of political systems. It also uses the historical approach to trace the development of wars on Gaza between 2008 and 2021 to understand the background of the most recent conflict. In addition, the descriptive-analytical method is used to describe and analyze the political and security events and positions related to the war and its consequences.

Results:The study reveals a recurring pattern of Israeli aggression on Gaza alongside the escalation of resistance tactics, highlighting the fragility of regional security due to ongoing Israeli conflicts and fragmented Arab coordination. The war also led to a freeze in normalization tracks, a rise in popular outrage, and confusion within some Arab regimes, which limited the prospects for regional consensus. Moreover, the conflict caused significant economic losses in tourism and maritime trade, weakened Israel’s deterrence system, and expanded zones of tension.

Conclusion:
The 2023 war on Gaza reflects a continued aggressive pattern that negatively affects security and stability in the Middle East. It exposes the fragility of regional security in light of tensions and weak Arab coordination. The war’s consequences span military, political, and economic dimensions, emphasizing the need for a unified Arab security system, strengthened resistance strategies, and support for regional economic resilience.

Keywords: Al-Aqsa Flood, Implications, Middle East, Gaza Strip, Israel.

The legal regulation of the nullity of an arbitration award in Jordanian legislation

2025-05-05T11:50:43+02:00

This study addressed the legal frameworks for the nullity of an arbitration award in Jordanian legislation, relying on the descriptive approach using the analytical method, to solve the main issue of the study, which is the adequacy of the legal frameworks and provisions governing the nullity of an arbitration award in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. The study concluded that the control over arbitration judgements is limited as arbitration is a special judiciary parallel to the ordinary judiciary, which has a special nature, and therefore did not open the door to challenge arbitration judgements on appeal, and the study concluded that the legal grounds for the nullity of an arbitration award are specified by law and may not be violated or agreed upon otherwise.

Considering the findings, the study recommended amending Article 49(a) to allow the parties to agree on different grounds for the claim of nullity of the arbitral award, allowing the parties to expand or narrow the grounds for nullity, except for what is contrary to public order.

The Strategy of Portraying Iran as the Arabs' Phantom Enemy in U.S. Foreign Policy

2025-01-05T13:32:05+02:00

Objectives: This study aimed to discuss the strategic benefits the United States has derived and continues to derive from promoting the " imaginary enemy" narrative, using Iran as a case study. It also explored the perspectives of Arab policymakers and diplomats on how the U.S. strategy of portraying Iran as the Arabs’ phantom enemy affects the diplomatic relations between the Arab countries and Iran.

Methodology: This qualitative study draws on studies from the Al Jazeera Center for Studies, The Washington Post, and The Guardian. Textual analysis was used as the primary data collection tool, while Braun and Clarke’s (2006) thematic approach was employed for data interpretation.

Findings: The United States has strengthened its military relations with Gulf States through arms sales, military cooperation, and support for anti-Iranian groups in Syria and Iraq. It has employed economic sanctions to isolate Iran and dissuade other countries from engaging with it politically and economically. Iran's growing influence in Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, and Yemen has increased Gulf States' concerns, while some countries such as Jordan and Egypt emphasize the importance of diplomacy to de-escalate tensions with Iran.

Recommendations: Arab countries should prioritize their own national interests rather than aligning uncritically with U.S. policies, particularly concerning Iran and other regional threats such as Israel. Pursuing balanced agreements with Iran based on mutual respect could enhance the Arabic regional stability. Additionally, building independent, modern Arab armies and strengthening Arab intelligence services are vital to reduce reliance on foreign weapons and countering Iranian influence and protecting the national security.