AL-SALAMEEN, S. Political and administrative regulations during the reign of Sultan Abdülhamid II (1876–1909): The Memorandum of Governors Muḥammad and Shākir Pasha of Bitlis as a Case Study. Arts and Social Sciences Series, [S. l.], v. 4, n. 4, p. 323–359, 2025. DOI: 10.59759/art.v4i4.1143. Disponível em: https://journals.aabu.edu.jo/index.php/Art/article/view/1143. Acesso em: 28 dec. 2025.